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Pneumonia_Hibbert_2023

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This document summarizes a presentation on pneumonia by Dr. Kathryn A. Hibbert from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. The presentation covers various aspects of pneumonia, including epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic strategies, risk factors, empiric antibiotic regimens, complications, and non-resolving pneumonia.<br /><br />Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting 450 million people annually and resulting in 4 million deaths, with the elderly and children under 5 years being the most affected populations. Predisposing conditions for pneumonia include smoking/alcohol use, toxic inhalations, aspiration, viral pneumonia, malnutrition, renal failure, immunosuppression, chronic lung disease, and bronchial obstruction.<br /><br />Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common type of pneumonia and is associated with increased mortality in hospitalized patients. Diagnostic strategies for CAP include chest X-rays, blood cultures, sputum gram stain/culture, and viral PCR or enzyme immunoassay. Antibiotic regimens for CAP depend on the severity of the infection and include third-generation cephalosporins or ampicillin-sulbactam, macrolides, or fluoroquinolones.<br /><br />Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are distinguished from CAP and have their own risk factors and empiric antibiotic regimens. Complications of pneumonia include parapneumonic effusion, respiratory failure, lung abscess, extra-pulmonary infection, and drug fever. Non-resolving pneumonia can have various infectious and non-infectious etiologies and requires careful evaluation and management.<br /><br />Overall, this presentation emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and early management of pneumonia to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords

pneumonia

epidemiology

diagnostic strategies

empiric antibiotic regimens

complications

non-resolving pneumonia

morbidity

mortality

elderly

children under 5 years